Understanding the Main Types of Bets
In North American racing, the three most common ways to stake money are to win, to place, and to show. A win bet, sometimes called a "straight" bet, means putting your money on a horse to finish first. A place bet pays out if your selection finishes either first or second, while a show bet succeeds when the horse comes in first, second, or third. Because the chances become more favourable as the qualifying positions expand, the payoffs for place and show are always lower than the win payouts. When only a small field lines up, show or place options may not be offered at all, and any bets already accepted are typically cancelled with the wagered amounts refunded.
The rules shift considerably outside North America. In Europe, Australia, and Asia, betting to place works differently because the number of "payout places" depends on the size of the field competing in the race. The structure generally follows these conventions:
- In a UK race with seven or fewer runners, only the first two finishers usually count as winning place bets with most bookmakers.
- Three places are paid when eight or more runners take part.
- A handicap race with 16 runners or more sees the first four positions classed as "placed".
- A show bet, in the North American sense, simply does not exist in these locations.
The each-way (E/W) bet is used everywhere except North America, and its meaning varies by location. An each-way bet splits the total stake into two equal halves: one half is placed on the win, and the other half on the place. Key points worth remembering include:
- The full odds are paid (plus the place portion) if the horse wins.
- A quarter or a fifth of the odds is paid if only the place section succeeds.
- The exact fraction depends on the race-type and the number of runners.
- On the Grand National, some UK bookmakers pay the first five places, and certain independent firms have even paid the first six.
This additional concession on big races exists because of the large fields involved — the Grand National permits a maximum of 40 runners. Occasionally, other handicap races with large fields receive the same generous treatment from various bookmakers, especially when those firms are sponsoring the event. The rough North American equivalent of the each-way is the across the board (win/place/show) or win/place bet, where equal stakes are placed on a horse to win, place, and show. Each portion is treated as a separate bet, so the across-the-board option is essentially a convenience for bettors and parimutuel clerks.
A worked example helps illustrate the mechanics. If a $2 across-the-board bet — a total outlay of $6 — were staked on a horse that finished second, paying $4.20 to place and $3.00 to show, the bettor would receive $14.40 in total ($0.00 win + $8.40 place + $6.00 show) on what is essentially a $6 wager.
Exotic Wagers and Boxing Strategies
Beyond straight wagers, "exotic" wagers give bettors the chance to incorporate the placement of different horses across one or multiple races. The two broad categories are horizontal and vertical. Horizontal wagers involve multiple horses in a single race, whereas vertical wagers require predicting results across several races. The most common formats include:
- Exactaselecting the first and second place horses in the exact order.
- Trifectapicking the first three finishers in exact order.
- Superfectanaming the precise finishing order of the top four horses.
Boxing is a tactic that improves the odds of landing an exotic wager by removing the need to call the exact order. A quinella, which boxes an exacta, allows the first two finishers to arrive in any order and still pay out. Boxing can also be applied to the trifecta and the superfecta. A wheel, meanwhile, is a bet on a single horse to finish in a specific position, with multiple horses finishing ahead of or behind it — in fact, a simple win bet can be thought of as a specific type of wheel.
Vertical bets stretch across different races. A daily double is an exotic wager placed on the winner of two consecutive races, while picking the winner of three, four, five, or six straight races is referred to as a pick-3, pick-4, pick-5, and pick-6 respectively. These multi-race wagers can produce enormous returns when the field cooperates, which is why they remain among the most popular options on modern horse racing betting sites.
How Betting Exchanges Changed the Market
In addition to traditional dealing with a bookmaker, punters are now able to both back and lay money on an online betting exchange. A punter who lays the odds is, in effect, acting as a bookmaker themselves. The odds attached to a horse are set by the market conditions of the exchange, which are dictated by the activity of its members rather than by a single operator. This peer-to-peer model has reshaped how prices are formed and has given experienced bettors far more flexibility than the classic over-the-counter shop ever offered.
Online operators have invested heavily in tools that help users compare prices and react to market movements in real time. Many bettors now check the bet365 horse racing betting odds alongside the live exchange rates before committing a stake, so that they can spot value whenever the fixed price drifts away from the implied probability shown on the exchange. This dual approach — watching both the bookmaker board and the exchange ladder — has become standard practice for serious players.
The United States Market
In the United States, the rules surrounding wagering vary considerably from state to state. The states with the largest pools include California, New York, Kentucky, Florida, Maryland, and Illinois. By the late 19th century, over 300 tracks were in operation across the country, but groups opposed to gambling pushed through the banning of bookmakers and racing at the start of the following century. In 1908, parimutuel (tote) betting was introduced, helping the industry recover and prosper — a momentum that continues to the present day.
Today, parimutuel betting is legal in 32 US states, and new legislation could change the landscape significantly in the near future. The legal market handle on racing in the United States in 2018 reached $11.26 billion, a figure that stands in sharp contrast to expert predictions of the illegal sports betting market, which was estimated at anywhere from $100 billion to $150 billion annually. The gulf between regulated and unregulated activity underlines why so much policy attention has focused on bringing more of this money into the legal sphere.
The Kentucky Derby stands as the most famous horse race in the United States. Known affectionately as 'The Run For The Roses', it is held on the first Saturday in May at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. The one-mile-two-furlong contest dates back to 1875. A total of $149.9 million was wagered on the race in 2019, beating the previous record of $139.2 million set the year before. About one-sixth of that 2019 total — some $24.6 million — was gambled online.
Hong Kong, Australia and the United Kingdom
Hong Kong generates the largest racing revenue in the world and is home to some of the biggest betting circles, headlined by the Hong Kong Jockey Club. In 2009, Hong Kong produced an average of US$12.7 million in gambling turnover per race — six times larger than its closest rival, France, at US$2 million — while the United States, despite holding far more races, generated only $250,000 per race. The activity is deeply ingrained in local culture, and some residents view it less as a pastime and more as an investment.
The Hong Kong Jockey Club, founded in 1884, earned more per race during the 2014–2015 season — about HK$138.8 million (US$17.86 million) — than any other track worldwide. The revenue the club generates from its various wagers makes it the largest single taxpayer for the government. The club broke its own record during the 2016–2017 season, posting a turnover of HK$216.5 billion and paying the government HK$21.7 billion in duty and profits tax, an all-time high.
Australia shows similar enthusiasm. A government survey in 2015 found that nearly one million Australians — about 5.6% of Australian adults — gambled on dog or horse racing in Australia. Most were men aged between 30 and 64, with a typical yearly expenditure of $1,300 on race betting. Nationally, annual race-betting spend amounted to roughly $1.27 billion. The principal regional figures and operators break down as follows:
| Market / Race | Figure | Year |
|---|---|---|
| US legal handle | $11.26 billion | 2018 |
| Kentucky Derby total | $149.9 million | 2019 |
| HK Jockey Club turnover | HK$216.5 billion | 2016–2017 |
| Australian race-betting spend | $1.27 billion | 2015 |
| Melbourne Cup turnover | $300 million | 2014 |
Wagering in New South Wales (NSW) is conducted by bookmakers — at race meetings and via telephone — and by Tabcorp, which handles tote betting at racecourses and through retail outlets including the internet. In 2014, an estimated $300 million alone was bet on Australia's most famous race, the Melbourne Cup. The UK market is similarly broad and varied. Unlike most other countries, the parimutuel segment in Britain is small compared with fixed-odds wagering, accounting for only around 5% of total turnover. Between April 2017 and March 2018, off-course racing turnover in Great Britain reached £4.3 billion. The bulk of that money flows through bookmakers, in shops or online, and in 2018 there were 8,500 betting shops across Great Britain — a number expected to fall sharply once government restrictions on Fixed Odds Betting Terminals (FOBTs) came into force.